Mar 28, 2024  
2019-2020 Undergraduate Catalog 
    
2019-2020 Undergraduate Catalog [ARCHIVED CATALOG]

Course Descriptions


This section of the Catalog includes course descriptions, listed alphabetically by discipline. The descriptions provide information on course numbers, titles, the level of instruction, credit, course sequence, content, and prerequisites as shown in the following example:

CHE 2100 Introduction to Organic and Biological Chemistry
Credits: 5
Prerequisite: CHE 1100
Description: A study of the elements of organic and biological chemistry. This course satisfies requirements for nursing programs and other fields requiring a survey of organic and biological chemistry.

The first two to four letters, called the course subject code, represent the area of study or discipline, e.g., CHE represents chemistry. The course number follows the course subject code, e.g., 2100. The first digit in a four-digit course number designates the level of instruction. Only courses numbered 1000 or above will be included in credits toward a degree. Courses with numbers up to and including 1999 are primarily for freshmen, 2000 through 2999 primarily for sophomores, 3000 through 3999 primarily for juniors, and 4000 through 4999 primarily for seniors. In general, students should not take courses above the level of their class (based upon semester hours earned), but they may do so at one level above if they have the specified prerequisites. In special cases, students may be permitted to take courses more than one level above that designated for their class if they obtain the permission of their advisor and of the faculty member teaching the course and if they meet the prerequisite requirements. Course descriptions provide a summary of the content of the course. If a prerequisite must be met before a student can register for a course, this information is listed above the course description. Attributes, such as Multicultural, General Studies, or Guaranteed Transfer, are listed after the course description. A list of courses being offered in a given semester, instructors, class meeting times, and locations is described in the Class Schedule.

Types of Courses

  • Regular courses appear in this section of the University Catalog and are offered on a regular basis.
  • Independent study courses provide students the opportunity to pursue in-depth study of a topic of special interest. Independent study courses are specified as 498_ and include an alpha character in the course number. Independent study courses are published in the Class Schedule.
  • Special topics or omnibus courses are temporary courses that are not listed in the Catalog. They may be used to pilot-test a course, present a special topic, or provide a unique, experiential-learning opportunity. Omnibus courses use a specified range of course numbers: 190_, 290_, 390_, 490_ and include an alpha character in the course number. Omnibus courses are published in the Class Schedule.
  • Variable topics courses allow courses of varying titles under an overall theme or “umbrella” course. Variable topic courses include an alpha character in the course number and are published in the Class Schedule.
 

Mechanical Engineering Technology

  
  • MET 3320 - Instrumentation Laboratory



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MET 3180 with a grade of “C” or better

    Description: The student is introduced to standard mechanical tests and measurement techniques, e.g., installing thermocouples, strain gages, positioning static and total probes. ASME and ASTM test codes are studied, as are OSHA standards. Various physical property and system performance tests are set up, conducted and analyzed.

  
  • MET 3330 - Robotics for Manufacturing



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MET 2010 and EET 2000 with grades of “C” or better

    Description: The course examines robotic components utilized in robots and automated systems. Manufacturing automation is analyzed as the robot is integrated with other flexible automation equipment. The focus is how to apply and design robotic, integrated, manufacturing systems. The laboratory work supplements the lectures using industrial robots for different applications.

  
  • MET 3410 - Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MET 1210 and MET 1310 with grades of “C” or better

    Description: Dimensioning practices as defined by ASME National Standards (Y14.5M-1994) are studied. Tolerance of form, tolerances of position, datums, concentricity, symmetry, and functional gaging concepts are also treated to produce low-cost and high-quality products.

  
  • MET 3610 - 3D Modeling



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MET 1200 with a grade of “C” or better

    Description: This is a Pro/Engineer basic design course, which is designed to familiarize students with the basic functionality of Pro/Engineer software package. The course covers the basic functions needed to use Pro/E to create part models, assemblies, and drawings. Emphasis is on the Pro/E design philosophy, used in creating parts and assemblies.

  
  • MET 3630 - Lean Manufacturing Systems Engineering



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MET 3000 with a grade of “C” or better

    Description: This course introduces the student to production principles, planning, evaluation, deployment, and integration of Lean manufacturing theory and methods. The course covers the concepts of Lean and Six Sigma for both manufacturing and service businesses. Students are provided an overview of Lean, Six Sigma, and the Kaizen problem-solving methodologies.

  
  • MET 3735 - Computer Integrated Manufacturing



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MET 3630 with a grade of “C” or better

    Description: This lecture-based course emphasizes the integration of manufacturing enterprise using computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) technologies. It employs CAD/CAM interface and other CIM subsystems, database management, facility layout, product documentation, process planning, production planning and control, Group technology, teamwork, and manufacturing operations and management to bring about a student-designed CIM-oriented enterprise. Results of using CIM on all major elements of product design, and manufacturing production and operational control systems.

  
  • MET 3980 - Internship in Mechanical Engineering Technology



    Credits: 1-15

    Prerequisite(s): Major in Mechanical Engineering Technology; junior or senior status; permission of instructor

    Description: Supervised by a faculty member within the major department, internships provide practical, hands-on experience in a professional field related to the major. Internship placements must be established prior to enrollment in this course in consultation with the Applied Learning Center.

     

    Internship requirements vary by department. For information and instructions on finding and enrolling in an internship, contact the Applied Learning Center at 303-615-1333 or internships@msudenver.edu.

    Note: Variable Credit

  
  • MET 4000 - Project Engineering



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): Senior standing

    Description: The student is introduced to the project or team effort. The need for planning, control, and communication is stressed. Critical path methods are used to develop schedules. Figure-of merit methods are used to select preferred approaches/designs. Technical writing is stressed with an introduction to competitive proposal writing.

  
  • MET 4010 - Advanced Manufacturing Technology



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): Grades of “C” or better in MET 3000, MET 3330 and EET 2000; completion of General Studies requirements; and senior standing.

    Description: The course includes micromonitor process control analysis, fiber optics technology, CMOS technology, ultra precision controlled devices with artificial intelligence systems, industrial robots, fiber optics, and imagineering future applications.

  
  • MET 4070 - Computer Aided Design



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MET 3070 and MET 3210 with grades of “C” or better; completion of General Studies requirements; and senior standing.

    Description: The student studies combined stresses, gearing, brakes, curved beams, etc., and undertakes the design of a complete machine. This is the second in the two-course machine design series. The analysis includes computer solutions.

  
  • MET 4080 - Computer Aided Manufacturing



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MET 2010, MET 3000, and either MET 3210 or EET 2350 with grades of “C” or better

    Description: This is an advanced, computer-aided manufacturing course. Computer applications in configuration control, purchasing, vendor ratings, production control, inventory control and final product acceptance documentation are treated. Appropriate computer and machining software will be used.

  
  • MET 4100 - Senior Project I



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s): CET 3135, JMP 2610, and MTH 2420 with grades of “C” or better; Senior Standing

    Prerequisite(s) or Corequisite(s): MET 3070 or MET 3000, and EET 2000 with grades of “C” or better

    Description: In this course, students are required to work on the planning and designing of a team project in consultation with faculty advisors and industry contacts.

    University Requirement(s): Senior Experience

  
  • MET 4110 - Senior Project II



    Credits: 2

    Prerequisite(s): MET 4100 with a grade of “C” or better; Senior Standing

    Prerequisite(s) or Corequisite(s): MET 4000

    Description: In this course, the students complete the project they started in MET 4100. The project is built, tested, and demonstrated. Written technical reports and oral presentations on the project are required. Part of this course involves the student working with a faculty member who acts as a consultant.

    University Requirement(s): Senior Experience

  
  • MET 4280 - Advanced Energy Technology



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MET 3125, PHY 2311, and PHY 2321 with grades of “C” or better

    Description: This course focuses on the study of global energy flows, as well as the sources and uses of energy. Biological energy and ecosystems are introduced from the viewpoint of the engineering technologist. Energy-related environmental problems, including air and thermal pollution and radioactivity, are examined.

  
  • MET 4370 - Advanced Composite Structures: Design, Damage, Repair and Testing



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MET 3215 with a grade of “C” or better

    Description: This lecture/laboratory course is the introduction of the student to the characterization methods for the anisotropic properties of advanced composite materials consisting of high-performance fibers suspended in polymeric matrices. This course includes study and practical application of design, damage control, composite repair, processes and tooling. Also overviews the concepts, principles, and methods employed for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of composite structures and materials.

  
  • MET 4480 - Air Conditioning/Refrigeration



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MET 3110 and MET 3125 with grades of “C” or better

    Description: In this course, thermodynamics and heat transfer principles to the analysis and design of refrigeration systems and comfort conditioning systems for buildings are introduced. Refrigeration cycles are studied. Operation and rating of system components are evaluated with specific emphasis on heat flow in condensers, evaporators, and cooling towers. Temperature and humidity control, along with air handling equipment and ducting, are studied.


Military Science (Army ROTC)

  
  • MILR 1011 - Adventures in Leadership I



    Credits: 2

    Description: MILR 1011 introduces students to the personal challenges and competencies that are critical for effective leadership and communication. Students will learn how the personal development of life skills such as cultural understanding, goal setting, time management, stress management, and comprehensive fitness relate to leadership, officership, and the Army profession. Students will be introduced to the structure of the ROTC Basic Course program. The focus is on developing basic knowledge and comprehension of Army leadership dimensions, attributes and core leader competencies while gaining an understanding of the ROTC program, its purpose in the Army, and its advantages for the student.

  
  • MILR 1021 - Adventures in Leadership II



    Credits: 2

    Prerequisite(s): MILR 1011 or permission of instructor

    Description: MILR 1021 teaches leadership fundamentals such as setting direction, problem-solving, listening, presenting briefs, providing feedback, and using effective writing skills. Students will explore dimensions of leadership attributes and core leader competencies in the context of practical, hands-on, and interactive exercises. As students become further acquainted with MILR 1021, they will learn the structure of the ROTC Basic Course program. The key objective this semester is to explore (in more detail) the Army’s leadership philosophy and learn fundamental military concepts. Emphasis on Army leadership will provide the learner a better understanding of the ROTC program, its purpose in the Army, and its advantages for the student.

  
  • MILR 2031 - Methods of Leadership and Management I



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MILR 1021 or permission of instructor

    Description: MILR 2031 explores the dimensions of creative and innovative tactical leadership strategies and styles by examining team dynamics and two historical leadership theories that form the basis of the Army leadership framework. Aspects of personal motivation and team building are practiced planning, executing and assessing team exercises. While participation in the leadership labs is not mandatory during the MSL II year, significant experience can be gained in a multitude of areas and participation in the labs is highly encouraged. The focus continues to build on developing knowledge of the leadership attributes and core leader competencies through the understanding of Army rank, structure, and duties as well as broadening knowledge of land navigation and squad tactics. Case studies will provide a tangible context for learning the Soldier’s Creed and Warrior Ethos.

  
  • MILR 2041 - Methods of Leadership and Management II



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MILR 2031 or permission of instructor

    Description: MILR 2041 examines the challenges of leading teams in the complex operational environment. The course highlights dimensions of terrain analysis, patrolling, and operation orders. Further study of the theoretical basis of the Army Leadership Requirements Model explores the dynamics of adaptive leadership in the context of military operations. MILR 2041 prepares Cadets for MILR 3051. Cadets develop greater self-awareness as they assess their own leadership styles and practice communication and team-building skills. Case studies give insight into the importance and practice of teamwork and tactics in real-world scenarios.

  
  • MILR 3052 - Military Operations and Training I



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MILR 2041 or permission of instructor. Students must be contracted cadets in the Army ROTC to be enrolled in MILR 3052.

    Description: In MILR 3052 the student will study, practice, and apply the fundamentals of Army leadership, Officership, Army values and ethics, personal development, and small unit tactics at the team and squad level. At the conclusion of this course, the student will be capable of planning, coordinating, navigating, motivating and leading a team or squad in the execution of a tactical mission during a classroom PE, a Leadership Lab, or during a Situational Training Exercise (STX) in a field environment. Successful completion of this course will help prepare the student for success at the ROTC Leader Development and Assessment Course (LDAC) which the student will attend during the summer. The student will receive systematic and specific feedback on their leader attributes values and core leader competencies from their instructor, other ROTC cadre and MSL IV Cadets who will evaluate skills using the ROTC Leader Development Program (LDP) model.

  
  • MILR 3062 - Military Operations and Training II



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MILR 3052, or permission of instructor. Students must be contracted in the Army ROTC to be enrolled in MILR 3062.

    Description: In MILR 3062, the student will study theoretical and practical applications of small unit leadership principles. The student will focus on managing personnel and resources, conducting the military decision making process, the operations order, and oral communications. The student will be exposed to tactical unit leadership in a variety of environments with a focus on preparation for the summer leader development and assessment course experience.

  
  • MILR 3090 - Military Theory and Tactical Leadership



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MILR 1021 and permission of instructor

    Description: Students in this course will apply military domain knowledge, engage in small unit leadership skills, and receive instruction on various subjects germane to military operations. Students will examine military tactics, techniques and procedures to better understand how to successfully accomplish multiple military requirements.

  
  • MILR 4072 - Adaptive Leadership



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MILR 3062 or permission of instructor. Students must be contracted in the Army ROTC to be enrolled in MILR 4072.

    Description: MILR 4072 transitions the focus of student learning from being trained, mentored and evaluated as an MSL III Cadet to learning how to train, mentor and evaluate underclassmen Cadets. MSL IV Cadets learn the duties and responsibilities of an Army staff officer and apply the Military Decision Making Process, Army Writing Style, and the Army’s Training Management and METL Development processes during weekly Training Meetings to plan, execute and assess battalion training events. Cadets examine management and leadership concepts and techniques associated with planning and executing military training and operations at Company and higher echelons. Cadets learn to safely conduct training by understanding and employing the Composite Risk Management Process. Cadets learn how to use the Comprehensive Soldier Fitness (CSF) program to reduce and manage stress.

  
  • MILR 4082 - Leadership in a Complex World



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MILR 4072 or permission of instructor. Students must be contracted cadets in the Army ROTC to be enrolled in MILR 4082.

    Description: In MILR 4082, Cadets explore the dynamics of leading in the complex situations of current military operations in full spectrum operations (FSO). Cadets will examine differences in customs and courtesies, military law, principles of war, and rules of engagement in the face of international terrorism. Cadets will also explore aspects of interacting with non-government organizations, civilians on the battlefield, and host nation support. The course places significant emphasis on preparing cadets for BOLC B, and officers’ first unit of assignment. It uses case studies, scenarios, and exercises to prepare cadets to face the complex ethical and practical demands of leading as a commissioned officer in the United States Army.


Modern Languages

  
  • MDL 1300 - Languages for the Professionals: Variable Topics



    Credits: 2

    Description: This course affords the students a practical knowledge of a foreign language (Spanish, German, French, etc.) in order to facilitate communication and to provide understanding in a specific professional field.

    Note: May be repeated for credit as the course title changes.

  
  • MDL 1610 - American Sign Language I



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): Minimum performance standard scores on the reading and writing preassessment placement Tests

    Description: This course provides students with a basic understanding of American Sign Language including conversational skills and linguistic structures. Students are also introduced to Deaf culture.

    Note: Credit will only be granted for one prefix: SLHS, EDU, or MDL.

    Cross Listed Course(s): EDU 1610, SLHS 1610
  
  • MDL 1620 - American Sign Language II



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): SLHS/MDL/EDU 1610 or permission of instructor

    Description: This course is a continuation of SLHS 1610 emphasizing expressive language as well as increasing competence with receptive language skills. The course continues to build vocabulary and familiarity with the complex grammar (morphology and syntax) of this visual language. The deaf experience and culture is integrated throughout.

    Note: Credit will be granted for only one prefix: SLHS, MDL, or EDU.

    General Studies: Oral Communication

    Cross Listed Course(s): EDU 1620, SLHS 1620
  
  • MDL 1700 - Foreign Languages for Travelers



    Credits: 2

    Description: This course presents the basics necessary when traveling in a foreign country. It gives the traveler a minimal command of the basic phrases, salutations, weather, numbers, time, statements of need and desire.

    Note: May be repeated for credit as the course title changes.

  
  • MDL 3050 - Cultural Crossroads: France, Germany, Spain



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): ENG 1020

    Description: This course gives students the cultural background necessary to understand and appreciate those spiritual and intellectual developments that have given today’s three European nations (representing our language disciplines) their characteristics. Main topics include the Indo- European language family, the cultural and technological development of Germanic- and Romance-speaking countries, the causes for the rise and fall of these countries throughout the 2000 years under consideration, the role of women in politics and the arts, the development of differing social etiquette, reasons for mass emigrations, and contributions of immigrants to their new countries, and the effect that the European Union has on the educational social welfare of its member nations.

    Note: Students can get credit for only one prefix.

    Cross Listed Course(s): FRE 3050, GER 3050, HON 3050, SPA 3050
  
  • MDL 3800 - Mexico: History, Life, and Culture



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): One year of Spanish or Permission of instructor

    Description: This course is part of a study-abroad program and provides an interdisciplinary understanding of Mexican civilization. It specifically deals with a social and historical approach to Mexican society and examines the traditions and institutions that shape the Mexican way of life.

    Note: Credit will be granted for only one prefix: MDL or CHS.

    Cross Listed Course(s): CHS 3801
  
  • MDL 3980 - Internship in Modern Languages



    Credits: 1-15

    Prerequisite(s): Major within the Modern Languages Department; junior or senior status; permission of instructor

    Description: Supervised by a faculty member within the major department, internships provide practical, hands-on experience in a professional field related to the major. Internship placements must be established prior to enrollment in this course in consultation with the Applied Learning Center.

     

    Internship requirements vary by department. For information and instructions on finding and enrolling in an internship, contact the Applied Learning Center at 303-615-1333 or internships@msudenver.edu.

    Note: Variable Credit

  
  • MDL 4960 - Teaching Foreign Languages in K-12



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): EDS 3120 and nine hours of intermediate and advanced courses in one foreign language; or permission of instructor

    Description: This course will develop competencies for teaching modern foreign languages.  Course content will include methods and materials of standards-based instruction, classroom and instructional management, assessment strategies, designing lessons using multiple intelligences and differentiated instruction, using technology in instruction, and integration of other content areas in teaching foreign language.  Students are required to complete a minimum of 10 hours of observation in a variety of foreign-language classrooms.

  
  • MDL 4961 - Field Experience in Teaching Foreign Languages in K-12



    Credits: 1

    Corequisite(s): MDL 4960

    Prerequisite(s) or Corequisite(s): EDS 3140 and EDS 3240

    Description: This field-based course provides opportunities to develop teacher candidates’ professional and pedagogical skills in a foreign language classroom. In coordination with the classroom teacher, teacher candidates will design and implement content lessons and use content literacy strategies to improve both language acquisition and literacy skills. Field placement in schools will be arranged by MSU Denver faculty in collaboration with partner schools. This field experience should follow the completion of EDS 3140 and EDS 3240. It is NOT intended as a beginning field experience.


Meteorology

  
  • MTR 1400 - Weather and Climate



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): Minimum performance standard scores on reading, writing, and mathematics pre-assessment placement tests

    Description: This course introduces the fundamental physical processes in the atmosphere-heat and energy, temperature, pressure, wind, clouds, precipitation, and stability. These concepts provide the basis for understanding weather systems, such as thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes. These processes are also applied to climatic patterns and the impacts of human activity on weather and climate, such as air pollution and climate change. An optional 1-credit lab course, MTR 2020 Weather and Climate Lab for Scientists, is available for students interested in additional experience in the measurement and analysis of atmospheric data, and is required for some science programs.

    General Studies: Natural and Physical Sciences

    Guaranteed Transfer: GT-SC2

  
  • MTR 1600 - Global Climate Change



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): Minimum performance standard scores on reading, writing, and mathematics preassessment placement tests.

    Description: This course presents the science behind global climate change from an Earth systems and atmospheric science perspective.  These concepts then provide the basis to explore the effect of global warming on regions throughout the world.  This leads to the analysis of the observed and predicted impacts of climate change on these regions; the effect of these changes on each region’s society, culture, and economy; and the efforts of these regions to mitigate or adapt to climate change.  The interdependence of all nations will be discussed in regards to fossil fuel-rich regions, regions responsible for greenhouse gas emissions, and regions most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.

    General Studies: Natural and Physical Sciences, Global Diversity

    Guaranteed Transfer: GT-SC2

  
  • MTR 2020 - Weather and Climate Lab for Scientists



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s): Algebra (MTH 1109, MTH 1110, or MTH 1112) or higher (MTH 1120, MTH 1400, or MTH 1410)

    Prerequisite(s) or Corequisite(s): MTR 1400

    Description: Students are introduced to the basic measurements, calculations and analysis made in the study of atmospheric science. Meteorological lab work in the course includes surface and upper-air charts, thermodynamic diagrams, weather codes, and weather imagery. Students analyze and display weather data in multiple formats, using both traditional hand analysis and using computer analysis and display software.

  
  • MTR 2050 - Community Climate Initiatives



    Credits: 2

    Prerequisite(s): Completion of Quantitative Literacy (QL12) Requirement

    Description: Students interact with local communities to develop climate action plans.  To prepare for this, students examine neighborhood carbon and water usage, including statistical and qualitative analysis of different reduction strategies and technologies. This course is service learning based and participation in neighborhood meetings is required. (Service Learning)

  
  • MTR 2410 - Weather Observing Systems



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MTR 2020 or MTR 2400

    Description: This course provides a survey of the instruments and instrument systems used in operational and research meteorology. The theory of instrument measurement and error, operating principles, and method of operation of surface- and upper-air sensors, as well as radar and satellites, will be presented. The lab component of the course will involve the theory, use, calibration, and maintenance of instruments and the analysis and interpretation of the observations.

  
  • MTR 3100 - Air Pollution



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): ENV 1200 or MTR 2020 or MTR 2400

    Description: This course examines the causes and control of air pollution. Topics include pollutant sources and sinks, regional and global-scale pollution problems, monitoring and sampling techniques, regulatory control, meteorological influences, and indoor air quality.

    Cross Listed Course(s): ENV 3100
  
  • MTR 3200 - Climate Change and Ecosystems



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MTH 1210 and ENV 1200 or MTR 1400 or MTR 1600 or GEG 1100 or GEL 1150 or Approval of Instructor

    Description:

    In this course, students examine the current climate, ecosystems, and environmental change in a specific, currently impacted location. Students explore the interconnections of earth systems that make up ecosystems, as well as how climate change can affect these environments and participate in a field trip to the ecosystem in climate flux (e.g., Alaska, Glacier National Park, temperate rainforests of Oregon, etc.) to observe glacial recession and impacts on temperate rainforests.  Students in this course are required to attend a 1-2 week field trip and must pay for all costs associated with the trip. 

  
  • MTR 3330 - Climatology



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MTR 2020 or MTR 2400

    Description: Climatology examines the characteristics, distribution, and causes of global and regional climate. Physical and dynamic mechanisms of climate are emphasized. The course also explores the spatial and temporal distributions of the main climate elements. Climate change topics include paleoclimatology, observed shifts in climate, climate model projections, and potential impacts of global warming.

  
  • MTR 3400 - Synoptic Meteorology



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MTR 2020

    Description: This course presents a descriptive approach to the structure and behavior of mid-latitude, synoptic-scale weather systems. Primary topics include the physics of synoptic-scale air motion, the role of synoptic weather systems in the general circulation, jet streams, airmasses, fronts, and the application of these to cyclones and anticyclones. Elementary quasi-geostrophic theory and weather forecasting are introduced.

  
  • MTR 3410 - Weather Analysis Techniques



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MTR 3400

    Description: This is a course in interpretation, understanding, and analysis of weather data, focusing on conventional surface and upper-air data and use of these data in current weather diagnostics. Topics include traditional hand analysis of surface and upper-air weather maps, spatial and temporal cross-sections, thermodynamic diagrams, meso-analyses, and prognostic charts. These topics form the foundation for correct and efficient use of modern computer analysis. This is an essential course for operational and applied research meteorologists.

  
  • MTR 3420 - Radar and Satellite Meteorology



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MTR 2020 or MTR 2400 and MTH 1110

    Description: This course provides a physics-based study of the uses of radar and satellites and their application to various meteorological problems. Basic theories of radar and satellites will be applied to the interpretation and analysis of various radar and satellite products. The lab component focuses on the interpretation of radar and satellite imagery using computer display software.

  
  • MTR 3430 - Atmospheric Thermodynamics



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MTH 2410, PHY 2311, PHY 2321 and MTR 2020 or MTR 2400

    Description: This course covers classical thermodynamics and its application to atmospheric processes.  Main topics include the equation of state, first and second laws of thermodynamics, adiabatic processes of dry and moist air, stability, thermodynamic diagrams, thermodynamic variables, and convection.

  
  • MTR 3440 - Physical Meteorology



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MTH 2410, PHY 2311, PHY 2321, and MTR 2020 or MTR 2400

    Description: This course is an application of classical physics to common processes in the atmosphere. Main topics include cloud and precipitation physics, atmospheric radiation, radiative transfer, lightning, optical phenomena and weather modification.

  
  • MTR 3450 - Dynamic Meteorology



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): PHY 2331, MTH 2420, and MTR 2400 or MTR 2020

    Prerequisite(s) or Corequisite(s): MTH 3420

    Description: This course covers the fundamentals of fluid dynamics necessary for understanding large-scale atmospheric motions. The focus of the course is the development, derivation, and analysis of the laws of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy, as they apply to middle latitude, synoptic scale weather systems.

  
  • MTR 3500 - Hazardous Weather



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MTR 1400 or MTR 2400 or AES 1400; and completion of General Studies requirements in Written Communication

    Description: This course considers the nature and causes of hazardous weather, the predictability of hazardous weather events, and the economic and societal impacts of these events. The strategies for the protection of life and property from hazardous weather are also considered.

    General Studies: Natural and Physical Sciences

  
  • MTR 3710 - Meteorology Internship



    Credits: 1-6

    Prerequisite(s): Registration with the Applied Learning Center Internship Program.

    Description: This course provides an on-the-job internship experience with a meteorology-related company or agency. The experience must be done under qualified supervision and the auspices of an Earth and Atmospheric Sciences faculty member.

     

    Internship requirements vary by department. For information and instructions on finding and enrolling in an internship, contact the Applied Learning Center at 303-615-1333 or internships@msudenver.edu.

    Note: This course may be repeated for up to 12 credits; the first enrollment must be a minimum of 3 credits.

  
  • MTR 3777 - Field Observations of Severe Weather



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MTR 2410 and MTR 3410

    Description: This field-based course is intended to combine classroom theories with actual field observations. Students are required to meet for an one-hour course on safety and expectations before the start of the class. The course will concentrate severe weather field observations across Central and High-Plains. Overnight stay will be necessary due to the ever-changing nature of weather patterns. Additional course fee is required. Students are responsible to pay for the outside incidentals, such as food and drinks.

  
  • MTR 3920 - Directed Study in Meteorology



    Credits: 1-5

    Prerequisite(s): Permission of Instructor

    Description: This course provides an opportunity for upper-division students with a strong background in meteorology to pursue study in a specific topic of interest and value.  The course requires permission of the instructor and chair of the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department and frequent meetings between student and instructor.  

  
  • MTR 4210 - Forecasting Laboratory



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s): MTR 3410

    Description: This is a laboratory course in which the principles of synoptic meteorology and weather computer technology are used in developing a weather forecast. Students are introduced to computerized weather data access, display, and analysis using meteorological software applications. Students learn to use surface and upper-air data, satellite and radar imagery, numerical model output, and other weather data in the preparation of weather forecasts. Principles of weather briefing and forecast decision making are also introduced.

  
  • MTR 4400 - Advanced Synoptic Meteorology



    Credits: 4

    Prerequisite(s): MTR 3450 and PHY 2331

    Prerequisite(s) or Corequisite(s): MTH 3420

    Description: This course is a calculus-based examination of the three-dimensional structure of mid-latitude, synoptic scale weather systems. Main topics include quasi-geostrophic theory, extratropical cyclone structure and evolution, diagnosis of vertical motions, jet streams, and frontogenesis. The lab component involves the hand analysis and computer-based analysis of live, forecasted, and archived weather data.

  
  • MTR 4410 - Numerical Weather Prediction



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MTR 3450, MTH 3420, and MTH 1510 or an equivalent course in an approved programming Language

    Description: This course presents the theoretical background to numerically modeling the atmosphere using the primitive equations. Current numerical models will be analyzed and finite-difference techniques will be applied to a simple computer model of the atmosphere developed during the course.

  
  • MTR 4500 - Mesometeorology



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MTR 3410 and MTH 1410

    Description: This is an advanced course in recognizing, understanding, and forecasting mesoscale weather events (severe thunderstorms, hailstorms, tornadoes, downslope windstorms, flash floods, snowstorms, etc.) with emphasis on theory, analysis of weather data, and forecast decision making.

  
  • MTR 4600 - Meteorology Research Seminar



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): Senior Standing and 12 credits in upper division meteorology completed

    Description: This is a capstone course required of all meteorology majors. Students engage in a research project that involves the application of scientific methodology to meteorological or climatological data and problem solving. Students learn to do literature searches, create a problem statement, handle data, perform statistical analysis, and present data and results. Technical writing and oral presentation skills are emphasized.

    University Requirement(s): Senior Experience


Music

  
  • MUS 0020 - Recital Attendance



    Credits: 0

    Description: Students must attend a total of twelve performances, including eight to ten Monday afternoon recitals and two to four evening performances, selected from a list of approved performances provided at the beginning of each semester. Students must enroll during each semester of individual instruction and must receive a “Satisfactory” grade in order to progress to the next private lesson level.

  
  • MUS 161A - Class Voice I



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 1010 or MUS 1020 or a passing score on the Music Theory I Placement Exam (see department) or Permission of instructor

    Description: This course offers class instruction in voice to students with little or no previous training.

  
  • MUS 161B - Class Piano I



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 1010, or a passing score on the Music Theory I placement exam (see department), or permission of instructor

    Description: This course offers class instruction in piano to students of any major with little or no previous experience.

  
  • MUS 161K - Class Guitar I



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 1010 or MUS 1020 or a passing score on the Music Theory I Placement Exam (see department) or Permission of instructor

    Description: This course offers class instruction in guitar to students with little or no previous training.

  
  • MUS 162A - Class Voice II



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 161A or MUS 1140 or permission of instructor

    Description: This course is a continuation of MUS 161A: Class Voice I. This class offers instruction in vocal technique and coaching of various vocal styles to students with little or no previous training.

  
  • MUS 162B - Class Piano II



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 161B or permission of instructor upon the class piano placement exam assessment

    Description: This course offers class instruction in piano to students of any major with no or little previous training. This course is a continuation of MUS 161B.

  
  • MUS 162K - Class Guitar II



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 161K or Permission of instructor

    Description: This course is a continuation of MUS 161K.

  
  • MUS 171A - Private Voice I



    Credits: 2

  
  • MUS 172A - Private Voice II



    Credits: 2

  
  • MUS 261B - Class Piano III



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 162B or permission of instructor upon the class piano placement exam assessment

    Description: This course is a continuation of MUS 162B and designed to help students develop further keyboard skills. 

  
  • MUS 261C - Advanced Keyboard Skills I



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 1130 and MUS 1140

    Prerequisite(s) or Corequisite(s): MUS 271B or MUS 273B or permission of instructor

    Description: This course explores necessary keyboard skills including technical exercises, harmonization, sight reading, score reading, and improvisation.  This core course replaces Class Piano I for students whose primary instrument is piano or organ.

  
  • MUS 262B - Class Piano IV



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 261B or permission of instructor

    Description: This course is a continuation of 261B and designed to help students develop further keyboard skills and pass keyboard proficiency exam. 

  
  • MUS 262C - Advanced Keyboard Skills II



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 261C

    Description: This course builds on the skills attained in MUS 261C, more deeply exploring advanced keyboard skills for piano majors, including technical exercises, harmonization, sight reading, score reading, and improvisation.  This core course replaces Class Piano II for students whose primary instrument is piano or organ.

  
  • MUS 1000 - Introduction to Music



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): ENG 1010 and ENG 1020, or Permission of instructor

    Description: This course will investigate the function, structure, style and genre classifications, and aesthetic interpretations of a diverse variety of musical traditions. The student will develop and employ a vocabulary for musical description and listen to many different traditions of musical expression. This course is intended for non-music majors.

    Note: Credit will be granted for only one prefix: HON or MUS.

    General Studies: Arts and Humanities

    Guaranteed Transfer: GT-AH1

    Cross Listed Course(s): HON 1000
  
  • MUS 1010 - Essential Music Theory Skills



    Credits: 2

    Description: This course covers the techniques of music reading, analysis, and hearing skills by teaching the fundamental principles of meter, rhythm, pitch scales, key signatures, intervals, triads, seventh chords and the keyboard. The application of traditional sight-reading and ear-training techniques are emphasized. This course is designed to prepare music majors, musical theatre majors, and music minors for MUS 1110.

  
  • MUS 1011 - Fundamentals of Music Theory Lab I



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s) or Corequisite(s): MUS 1010 or permission of instructor

    Description: This course develops music reading, writing, and hearing skills through the application of traditional sight-reading and ear-training techniques. This course is designed for music majors who lack the necessary experience for placement into MUS 1120.

    Note: No previous training or experience in music is required.

  
  • MUS 1030 - Composing and Understanding Music for Non-Majors



    Credits: 3

    Description: This course covers the techniques of reading, writing, and composing music by teaching the fundamental principles of music notation and musical logic as they pertain to meter, rhythm, pitch, scales, key signatures, intervals, triads, and the keyboard. Students use basic music software to write and compose musical ideas. No previous training or experience in music is required.

  
  • MUS 1050 - History of Rock and Roll



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): ENG 1010 and ENG 1020

    Description: This course will survey the origins and history of Rock and Roll.  In addition to examining the songs and influence of significant artists, this course will explore how the issues of race, politics, and the forces of capitalism have shaped this tradition and subsequently popular culture in America.

    General Studies: Art and Humanities

  
  • MUS 1071 - Non-major Private Instruction



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s): Permission of Instructor

    Description: This course covers individual private instruction for students of any major with previous music experience to continue to learn performance skills and techniques.

    Note: This course may be repeated for credit.

  
  • MUS 1110 - Music Theory I



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 1010 or a passing score on the Music Theory Placement Exam (see department)

    Corequisite(s): MUS 1120 and MUS 161B

    Description: This course is the study of the melodic, harmonic, rhythmic, textural, and formal elements of music through analysis and composition, and the development of reading and hearing skills as they relate to these elements. It covers the elements of diatonic music commonly found in classical, jazz, and popular music styles, including Roman numeral and lead sheet analysis, and phrase structure and grouping. Aural and visual recognition of materials is emphasized.

  
  • MUS 1120 - Music Theory Lab I



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 1010 or a passing score on the Music Theory Placement Exam (see department)

    Corequisite(s): MUS 1110 and MUS 161B

    Description: Students apply reading and hearing skills to the melodic, harmonic, rhytlunic, textural, and formal elements of music through singing, counting, and the use of the piano keyboard. This course covers diatonic music based on the triad.

  
  • MUS 1130 - Music Theory II



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 1110, MUS 1120, MUS 161B

    Corequisite(s): MUS 1140, MUS 162B

    Description: This course is a continuation of MUS 1110. This course is the study of the melodic, harmonic, rhythmic, textural, and formal elements of music through analysis and composition, and the development of reading and hearing skills as they relate to these elements. It covers the elements of diatonic music commonly found in classical, jazz, and popular music styles, including Roman numeral and lead sheet analysis, seventh chords, non-chord tones, voice-leading, and an introduction to tonicization. Aural and visual recognition, as well as practical application of materials, is emphasized.

  
  • MUS 1140 - Music Theory Lab II



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 1110, MUS 1120, MUS 161B

    Corequisite(s): MUS 1130, MUS 162B

    Description: This course is a continuation of MUS 1120, and covers diatonic material based on triads and seventh chords, and introduces chromaticism.

  
  • MUS 1310 - Acting in Opera



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s) or Corequisite(s): MUS 171A (Applied Voice - any Level)

    Description: This course offers a technical foundation in acting for the emerging opera singer. The singing actor is presented with unique challenges to expressive performance such as taking inspiration for the energy and tempo of stage movement from what one hears in the musical score, and learning to master facial and body gesture in a way which is powerfully communicative and at the same time not prohibitive to the process of healthy singing. In addition to acquiring tools to meet these challenges, students learn how to effectively research and develop operatic characters.

    Note: This course may be repeated for credit.

  
  • MUS 1650 - Basic Music Technology



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 1110 or Permission of instructor

    Description: This course is intended to provide music majors with the technology skills necessary for their study of music. The following topics will be introduced: MIDI synthesizers, music notation software, sequencing software, e-mail, Web authoring, and research tools on the Web.

  
  • MUS 1710 - Private Instruction I



    Credits: 2

    Prerequisite(s): Performance of a successful private instruction audition; and successful completion of MUS 1010 or the Music Theory I Placement Exam (see department)

    Corequisite(s): MUS 0020; at least one other music course; and the major ensemble in the private instruction area being studied

    Description: This course covers individual instruction in voice, piano, organ, guitar, electric bass, electric guitar, the standard band and orchestral instruments, composition, or conducting. It includes required weekly attendance at a one-hour performance class in the area of study in which students perform for one another. At the end of the semester, the student must successfully perform before a faculty jury committee in order to pass the course. This course may be repeated for credit in a different area of study.

    Note: Students must also enroll in MUS 0020 (Recital Attendance).

  
  • MUS 1720 - Private Instruction II



    Credits: 2

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 1710

    Corequisite(s): At least one other music course and the major ensemble in the private instruction area being studied

    Description: This course is a continuation of MUS 1710, and covers individual instruction in voice, piano, organ, guitar, electric bass, electric guitar, the standard band and orchestral instruments, composition, or conducting. It includes attendance at departmental recitals/performances and a performance class in the area of study. At the end of the semester, the student must successfully perform before a faculty jury committee in order to pass the course.

    Note: This course may be repeated for credit in a different area of study.

  
  • MUS 1858 - Pre-Production



    Credits: 1

    Description: This course is a forum to work in instrumental specialist groups (i.e. guitar, bass, drums, vocals) to dissect, analyze, and learn the particular technical aspects of the Live Performance Workshop song for any given week. Students may be asked to create charts for songs, learn passages by ear, and demonstrate a range of techniques and skills to perform a particular song with musical authenticity and accuracy.

    Note: This course may be repeated for up to two semesters.

  
  • MUS 1862 - Foundations of Songwriting I



    Credits: 2

    Description: This course introduces students to fundamental methods, techniques, and practices of the songwriting craft. While a large portion of the course focuses on analyzing the elements (form, subject, harmony, melody, etc.) of classic and contemporary songs and songwriters, the primary goal of the course is to encourage students to develop their own original material, both lyrics and music. Students write material in a range of different styles to the specifications of numerous prompts.

  
  • MUS 1864 - Foundations of Songwriting II



    Credits: 2

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 1862

    Description: Building on the previous semester of this course sequence (MUS 1862), this course further explores the basic methods, techniques, and practices of the songwriting craft. Students continue to explore the composition of melody, harmony, and form, while refining their abilities to construct meaningful and relevant lyrical content with object writing and storytelling. Students analyze and critique pre-existing music, examining the elements that make a song memorable and engaging to better their own original writing.

  
  • MUS 1866 - Lyric Writing



    Credits: 2

    Corequisite(s): MUS 1862

    Description: This course introduces students to a range of basic lyric writing techniques, methodologies, and practices. Students learn to take inspiration from a range of stimuli and structure songs in coherent and productive ways. While focusing on developing a student’s unique voice, students analyze successful lyricists of the past to draw out their styles, conventions, and methods. Students build a workbook of original lyrics, starting with raw material and ending with several finished songs. Throughout the course, students critically reflect on their lyric writing, creating self-awareness of their own style and voice.

  
  • MUS 1880 - Repertoire and Hit Song Analysis



    Credits: 2

    Description: This course serves as a basic introduction to A&R (artist and repertoire) practice, focusing on the question: what makes a song a hit? In exploring this question, students learn to identify musical attributes of hit songs from popular 20th century music; students gain a basic understanding of the music business infrastructure that contributed to the success of various songs and artists. The course examines a number of record labels, including, most notably, their A&R departments, to investigate how these labels chose, produced, and marketed their catalogs of hit songs. Students also analyze numerous classic and contemporary hit songs in relation to their basic sonic qualities, promotional campaigns and label support, as well as their social and historical contexts.    

  
  • MUS 1890 - Domestic Music Market



    Credits: 3

    Description: This course provides students with an introductory overview of the American music industry. Students demonstrate how the multiple components of, and stakeholders in, the music business all work together to create income streams for artists and industry professionals. Students study the business strategies of classic and contemporary artists to reveal how these musicians have navigated an increasingly complex and dynamic industry.

    Cross Listed Course(s): Domestic Music Market
  
  • MUS 1892 - Artist Discovery and Development



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 1880

    Description: Building on Repertoire and Hit Song Analysis, this course provides a further exploration of artist and repertoire practice as students learn to find new acts, assess their commercial potential, and develop their talents into viable business plans. While surveying the history and development of artist and repertoire, students learn how to approach unsigned acts and identify workable marketing angles for them; the course will also cover how to develop artists, build their fan base, and present them to a label for acquisition. Students develop skills in targeted research, quality control, leadership, presentation/communication, and management.

  
  • MUS 1910 - Techniques and Improvisation I



    Credits: 3

    Description: This course provides students the opportunity to build a solid foundation of facility on their chosen instrument through a logical progression of exercises and application. Students are challenged to experiment with basic techniques to begin to develop a creative approach to improvisation. Students situate technical vocabulary and improvisational skills within a variety of musical contexts across numerous genres. Students develop a comprehensive method for practicing productively, keeping track of their own progress as they critically reflect on it. Group lectures are enhanced with masterclasses and opportunities for one-on-one tutorial sessions.

    Note: This course may be taken once per instrument area.

  
  • MUS 1920 - Techniques and Improvisation II



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 1910

    Description: This course builds directly on the previous semester’s iteration of this course, providing students an opportunity to further develop a solid foundation of facility on their chosen instrument through a logical progression of exercises and application. Students continue to experiment with basic techniques to further develop a creative approach to improvisation. The class situates technical vocabulary and improvisational skills within a variety of musical contexts across numerous genres. Along the way, students continue to develop a comprehensive method for practicing productively, keeping track of their own progress as they critically reflect on it. Group lectures will be enhanced with masterclasses and opportunities for one-on-one tutorial sessions.

    Note: This course may be taken one semester per instrument area.

  
  • MUS 2040 - An Integrated Approach to Art and Music



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): 24 undergraduate credit hours, including ENG 1010 and ENG 1020, or Permission of instructor

    Description: This course enables students to develop awareness and knowledge of the major periods, styles, and landmark works in worldwide visual arts and music. Philosophical and aesthetic foundations of art, music, and the creative process will be explored to enhance this study. Basic elements of music and art will be identified and applied to the study of masterworks. The concepts presented in this integrated approach will be applied to develop artistic sensibility.

    Note: Credit will be granted for only one prefix: MUS or ARTH.

    Cross Listed Course(s): ARTH 2100
  
  • MUS 2110 - Music Theory III



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 1130, MUS 1140, MUS 162B

    Corequisite(s): MUS 2120

    Description: This course is the study of the melodic, harmonic, rhythmic, textural, and formal elements of music through analysis and composition, and the development of reading and hearing skills as they relate to these elements. It covers the elements of music commonly found in classical, jazz, and popular music styles, modulation, chromatic harmony, extended chords, and an exploration of form. Aural and visual recognition, and practical application of materials is emphasized. This course is the continuation of MUS 1130.

  
  • MUS 2120 - Music Theory Lab III



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 1130, MUS 1140, MUS 162B

    Corequisite(s): MUS 2110

    Description: In this course, students receive training in sight-singing, rhythmic coordination, and aural recognition of melodic and harmonic elements, as well as practical theoretical skills applied to the keyboard, including figured bass and lead-sheet realization. Both diatonic and chromatic elements are explored. This course is a continuation of MUS 1140.

  
  • MUS 2130 - Music Theory IV



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 2110, MUS 2120

    Corequisite(s): MUS 2140

    Description: This course includes the study of the melodic, harmonic, rhythmic, textural, and formal elements of music through analysis and composition and the development of reading and aural skills as they relate to these elements. It covers music from the post-Romantic era to the present, and the elements of music commonly found in classical, jazz, and popular music styles during this time period. Emphasis is on the techniques used in Impressionism, jazz, and the modern schools of 20th and 21st century composition. This course is a continuation of MUS 2110.

  
  • MUS 2140 - Music Theory Lab IV



    Credits: 1

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 2110, MUS 2120

    Corequisite(s): MUS 2130

    Description: In this course, students receive training in sight-singing, rhythmic coordination, and aural recognition of melodic and harmonic elements, as well as practical theoretical skills applied to the keyboard, including figured bass and lead-sheet realization. Both diatonic and chromatic elements are explored with increased emphasis on highly chromatic melodic and harmonic elements, and increased rhythmic and metric complexity. This course is a continuation of MUS 2120.

  
  • MUS 2150 - Jazz Theory



    Credits: 3

    Prerequisite(s) or Corequisite(s): MUS 2130 and MUS 2140

    Description: Jazz theory explores music theory through the jazz idiom. Concepts learned in previous theory classes are reinterpreted with jazz-specific vocabulary. In addition, the course investigates theory concepts unique to jazz, such as recognition and comprehension of chord symbols, harmonic and melodic analysis, re-harmonization techniques, harmonic considerations in transcribed improvisations, and jazz arranging. This course presents ideas in chronological order and relates concepts with historic development of harmony, melody, and rhythm through the different jazz styles and eras.

  
  • MUS 2340 - Foundations of Music Education



    Credits: 2

    Prerequisite(s): MUS 2110

    Prerequisite(s) or Corequisite(s): MUS 1710

    Description: This course is designed to acquaint the student with social and intellectual foundations of music education in historical and contemporary frameworks. Students become familiar with philosophical and psychological principles of aesthetic education, curriculum design and implementation, teaching music in diverse contexts, legal and financial structures which affect teaching, and professional development resources. Students examine the role of education and music education in society and develop a personal philosophy for teaching music.

 

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